Which among the following is the MOST common cause of superficial thrombophlebitis?

Superficial thrombophlebitis is a disorder of superficial veins characterized by aseptic local inflammation. In the upper extremity it is caused by IV infusion of acidic fluid or prolonged cannulation. Thrombophlebitis migrans or recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis is associated with malignant visceral tumors, systemic collagen vascular disease and blood dyscrasias.The deep veins and visceral veins may be involved. Ref: Essentials of Surgery: Scientific Principles and Practice edited by Lazar J. Greenfield, page 690.