Shortest functional level of trans tibial amputation is:

Ans: d (15 cm distal to..)Ref: Campbells Operative Orthopaedics, 11th ed. pg. 601603In non-ischaemic limbs of adults, the ideal bone length for below knee (trans tibial) amputation stump is 12.5 to 17.5 cm depending on body height. A resaonably satisfactory rule of thumb for selecting the level of bone section is to allow 2.5 cm of bone length for each 30 cm of body height. Usually the most satisfactory level is about 15cm distal to joint line. A stump less than 12.5 cm lacking quadriceps function is less efficient.Note: This rule is not applicable to ischaemic limbs where amputations performed customarily at a higher level (10-12.5 cm distal to joint line). But due to frequent co-morbidities in patients with ischaemic limb, the functional demands can be compromised.