All of the following can cause hearing loss except

Hearing loss PRENATAL CAUSES Maternal factors : (a) Infections during pregnancy. (b) Drugs during pregnancy. (c) Radiation to mother in the first trimester. (a) Infections during pregnancy: Infections which affect the developing fetus are toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegaloviruses, herpes type 1 and 2 and syphilis. POSTNATAL CAUSES 1. Genetic: Though deafness is genetic, it manifests later in childhood or adult life. Deafness may occur alone as in familial progressive sensorineural deafness or in association with ceain syndromes, e.g. Alpo, Klippel-Feil, Hurler, etc. 2. Nongenetic: They are essentially same as in adults and include: (a) Viral infections (measles, mumps, varicella, influenza), meningitis and encephalitis. (b) Secretory otitis media. (c) Ototoxic drugs. (d) Trauma, e.g. fractures of temporal bone, middle ear surgery or perilymph leak. (e) Noise-induced deafness. Ref:- Dhingra; pg num:-115,117