Macular edema is caused by all except –

Causes of macular edema :- Metabolic alteration :- Diabetes, retinitis pigmentosa, inherited cystoid macular edema (CME). Ischemia CRVO, Diabetic retinopathy, severe hypertensive retinopathy, HELLP syndrome, vasculitis. Mechanical force :- Vitreous traction on the macula. Inflammation :- Intermediate uveitis, post-operative CME, choroidal inflammatory diseases. Pharmacotoxicity :- Epinephrine (in Aphakia), Betaxolol, latanoprost..