Natural method of horizontal gene transfer among bacteria includes: (A)Electroporation (B)Transduction (C)Transformation (D)Conjugation (E)Mutation

ACTINOMYCES Morphology o Gram positive o Non motile o Non sporing o Non-acid fast o Non-capsulated o Filaments that break up into bacillary and coccoid elements. Pathogenesis o Actinomyces are members of normal oral flora and are often cultured from bronchi, GI. tract, and the female genital tract. o Actinomycosis in human beings is an endogenous infection. o The critical step in the development of actinomycosis is disruption of mucosal barrier. o Foreign bodies appear to facilitate infection. This association most frequently involves IUCD. Clinical manifestations o Young males (10-30 years) are most commonly affected o Actinomycosis is a chronic granulomatous infection. It is characterized by the development of indurated swellings, suppuration and the discharge of sulphur granules.