Cause of Dupuytren's contracture is

Ans. is `d' i.e., All of the above Dupuytren's contracture is characterized in the established phase by flexion contracture of one or more fingers from thickening and shoening of palinar aponeurosis. The exact etiology is unknow; However, the condition is more commonly associated with following conditions :- Epileptics taking phenytoin Alcoholic cirrhosis Diabetes AIDS Smoking Pulmonary TB Often both hands are affected (Bilateral disease), one more than the other. The earliest sign is a small thickened nodule in the mid-palm opposite the base of ring finger. Gradually this extends distally to involve the ring or little finger. There is a rare, curious association with fibrosis of the corpus Cavernosum.