The impoant risk factor for the development of squamous cell carcinoma among the following is:
High-Yield Explanation
The etiology of squamous cell esophageal cancer Excess alcohol consumption Cigarette smoking. The consumption of whiskey is with higher incidence than the consumption of wine or beer. Squamous cell esophageal carcinoma has also been associated with Ingestion of nitrites Smoked opiates Fungal toxins in pickled vegetables, Ingestion of lye Radiation-induced strictures Chronic achalasia. Plummer-Vinson or Paterson-Kelly syndrome Congenital hyperkeratosis and pitting of the palms and soles (tylosis palmaris et plantaris) Deficiencies of molybdenum, zinc, selenium, and vitamin A. Ref:Harrison,E-18,P-764.