TRUE statements concerning malaria includea) Malaria caused by each of the four plasmodial species can relapse after initial illnessb) Red cells negative for the Duffy blood group antigen are resistant to Plasmodium vivaxc) Renal impairment is a grave prognostic sign in falciparum malariad) Plasmodium malariae can cause immune-mediated nephropathy

P. vivax needs Duffy Antigen to enter the red cells, patients who lack this antigen are resistant to P.vivax infection. Renal failure can occur d/t P. malaria infection. It is d/t deposition of soluble immune complexes in the glomeruli. The manifestation of falciparum malaria is Coma Acidosis Severe normocytic normochromic anaemia Renal failure Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema Hypoglycemia Hypotension/shock DIC Convulsion Hemoglobinuria Jaundice Out of these major features, only 2 features carry grave prognosis : Coma Hypoglycemia Renal failure in falciparum malaria seems to occur on the basis of tubular sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes and tends to resolve spontaneously. Malaria caused by only 2 species of Plasmodium can relapse Plasmodium vivax & Plasmodium Ovale