The risk factor in cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignancy of the biliary tree, arising from bile ducts within or outside the liver, o Risk factors All risk factors for cholangiocarcinomas cause chronic inammation and cholestasis, which presumably promote the occurrence of somatic mutations or epigenetic alterations in cholangiocytes. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatolithiasis. Congenital bro-polycystic disease of the biliary system (Caroli disease, choledochal cyst). Hepatitis B and C. Exposure to thorotrast. Opisthorchissinensis and clonorchiasis infection