Causes of metabolic alkalosis include all the following except-

Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis I. Exogenous HCO3-loads A. Acute alkali administration B. Milk-alkali syndrome II. Effective ECFV contraction, normotension, K+ deficiency, and secondary hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism A. Gastrointestinal origin 1. Vomiting 2. Gastric aspiration 3. Congenital chloridorrhea 4. Villous adenoma B. Renal origin 1. Diuretics 2. Posthypercapnic state 3. Hypercalcemia/hypoparathyroidism 4. Recovery from lactic acidosis or ketoacidosis 5. Nonreabsorbable anions including penicillin, carbenicillin 6. Mg2+ deficiency 7. K+ depletion 8. Bater's syndrome (loss of function mutations of transpoers and ion channels in TALH) 9. Gitelman's syndrome (loss of function mutation in Na+-Cl-cotranspoer in DCT) III. ECFV expansion, hypeension, K+ deficiency, and mineralocoicoid excess A. High renin 1. Renal aery stenosis 2. Accelerated hypeension 3. Renin-secreting tumor 4. Estrogen therapy B. Low renin 1. Primary aldosteronism a. Adenoma b. Hyperplasia c. Carcinoma 2. Adrenal enzyme defects a. 11b-Hydroxylase deficiency b. 17a-Hydroxylase deficiency 3. Cushing's syndrome or disease 4. Other a. Licorice b. Carbenoxolone c. Chewer's tobacco IV. Gain-of-function mutation of renal sodium channel with ECFV expansion, hypeension, K+ deficiency, and hyporeninemic-hypoaldosteronism A. Liddle's syndrome (Ref: Harrison's principles of internal medicine 19E, pg 321)