Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder is associated with -a) Schistosomiasisb) Naphthylaminec) Smokingd) Tuberculosis of bladder

Risk factors for Transitional cell ca of Bladder Cigarette smoking - is the main etiological factor and accounts for about 50% of bladder cancers. Occupational exposures to chemicals the following compounds may be carcinogenic 2 naphthylamine - combustion gases and soot from coal 4-aminobiphenyl - chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons 4-nitrobiphenyl - certain aldehydes such as acrolein 4-4-diaminobiphenyl (benzidine) - aniline dyes 2-ami-l-naphthol Occupation reported to be associated with increased risk of bladder cancer autoworkers - metal workers painters - textile worker truck drivers - dye workers drill press operator - petrol workers leather workers  - rodent exterminators & sevage workers leather workers Schistosoma haemotobium - it's a risk factor for both transitional cell ca & squamous cell ca. Drugs such as phenacetin & chlornaphazine Cyclophosphamide therapy Pelvic irradiation Vitamin A supplements appear to be protective.