Which of the following is used to treat pain -

Ans. is'a'i.e., Transcutaneous nerve stimulationlRef: Morgan 4'h/e p. 389-410)Various modalities of treatment which are tried for chronic pain:-Pharmacotherapy :- The various drugs (mentioned above) are used for chronic pain syndrome. The various routes can be used:- oral, intravenous, epidural' or Transcutaneous.Neuro-surgical :- Anterolateral cordotomy, dorsal root entry zone lesion, selective rhizotomy, commissural myelotomy, sympathectomy mesencephalic tractotomy, cordectomyChemical neurolysis:- Glycerol, alcohol, phenol e.g. intrathecal hyperbaric phenol.Other- Acupuncture, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation, neuromodulation procedures(intracranial stimulation:- deep brain/subcoical and motor coex stimulation)' cryoablation'