Decreased ovulation / impaired ovulation casued by :

Ans.is D.)All i.e: Minipill (progesterone only pill); IUCD; and Norplant Norplant offers long-term contraception through the use of subdermal capsules filled with levonorgestrel. The six capsules are implanted in the inside pa of the upper arm. The levonorgestrel is released from the capsules gradually, providing contraception for about 5 years. The primary mechanism of action of Norplant is suppression of ovulation. IUCDs primarily work by preventing feilization.The progestogen released from the hormonal IUDs may prevent ovulation from occurring but only paially.The hormone also thickens the cervical mucus so that sperm cannot reach the fallopian tubes. Copper IUDs contain no hormones, but the copper ions in the cervical mucus are toxic to sperm. They also cause the uterus and fallopian tubes to produce a fluid that contains white blood cells, copper ions, enzymes, and prostaglandins, a combination that is also toxic to sperm. Mechanism of Action of Mini pill(Progesterone Containing pill):Progestin-only oral contraceptives - Mechanisms of action include (1) suppression of ovulation; (2) a variable dampening effect on the midcycle peaks of LH and FSH; (3) an increase in cervical mucus viscosity; (4) a reduction in the number and size of endometrial glands; and (5) a reduction in cilia motility in the fallopian tube