Surgical alteration or suturing of gunshot wounds may create problems in distinguishing entry from exit. This is called as:

Kennedy phenomenon:- Iatrogenic surgical alteration or suturing of the entrance wound. The evaluation of whether the wound is entrance or exit becomes difficult. Cookie cutter phenomenon:- It is seen from the near shot entry wound of shot gun. Formication Patients feels the insects crawling under skin Seen in Cocaine & ergot Gordon Phenomenon Prinsloo and Gordon (1951) described aefactual extravasation of blood into theanterior neck structures at autopsy. It may be a source of confusion, resembling traumatic bruises. To eliminate this aefact, bloodless dissection of neck is recommended in asphyxial deaths