Transitional cell carcinoma bladder caused by

Risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder - 1. Smoking → Major etiological factor. 2. Occupational exposure to chemicals → Nephthylamine benzidine, aniline dyes, acrolein. 3. Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharziasis) → It is a risk factor for both TCC & SCC. 4. Drugs → Phenacetin 5. Cyclophosphamide therapy 6. Pelvic irradiation