Case control study was done regarding breast cancer & risk factors & odds ratio was obtained. Which of the following are causative factors ?ParameterCaseControlORAge at menarche>12171423291.04Menopause177124081.53OCP use93511051.02Smoking932140.97Family history5135021.10BMI>27.51654930.53Breastfeeding94225140.56Multiparity(2)277833661.05

Ans. (B) 5An odds ratio (OR) is a statistic that quantifies the strength of the association between two events, A and B.Two events are independent if and only if the OR equals 1: the odds of one event are the same in either the presence or absence of the other event.If the OR is greater than 1, then A and B are associated (correlated) in the sense that, compared to the absence of B, the presence of B raises the odds of A, and symmetrically the presence of A raises the odds of B.Conversely, if the OR is less than 1, then A and B are negatively correlated, and the presence of one event reduces the odds of the other event.Most Impoantly Odds ratio does not demonstrate causality .But we can say that they are positively correlated. Since 5 Factors have odds ratio more than 1 so the answer will be B