Classic human disorders related to genomic imprinting include all EXCEPT

(D) Duchenne muscular dystrophy# Genomic imprinting refers to a genetic phenomenon whereby there is preferential expression of a gene from only one of the two parental alleles.> This phenomenon of allele-specific expression results from allele-specific epigenetic modifications such as CpG dinucleotide methylation or histone methylation or histone acetylation.> These modifications are referred to as epigenetic modifications (also referred to as epigenetic "marks").> In non-imprinted regions of the chromosomes, the parental epigenetic marks are erased in the germ cells only to be newly established in a parental-specific manner.> Classic human disorders related to genomic imprinting are Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), Angelman syndrome AS), Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), Russell-Silver syndrome (RSS), and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy.> A characteristic feature of all of these diseases is that they do not exhibit normal Mendelian patterns of inheritance as well as showing parental origin effects.> The normal role of imprinting seems to have evolved to fine-tune the growth and development of the fetus.SYNDROMES INVOLVING IMPRINTED GENESCHROMOSOMAL LOCATION* Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, BWS11p15* Prader-Willi syndrome, PWS15q11.2-q12* Angelman syndrome, AS15q11.2-q12* Russell-Silver syndrome, RSS7p11-p13, 7q31-qter* Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, TNDM6q24* Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, McCune- Albright syndrome, PHP1b20q13* Familial nonchromaffin paraganglioma11q13* Maternal and paternal UPD14 syndromes14> In addition to the syndromes listed in the Table above several diseases that are the result of complex genetic involvement have been shown to exhibit parent-of-origin effects.> These disorders include autism, Hirschsprung disease, Alzheimer disease, schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, and type 1 and type 2 diabetes.