Which of the following is the commonest cause of hea failure in early infancy?

Hea failure is a potentially lethal complication of congenital hea disease and occurs in more than 80% of infants. Hea failure within the first 12 to 18 hours of life is usually a result of malformations that involve pressure or volume overload independent of pulmonary flow, as occurs with severe valvular regurgitation or a systemic aeriovenous fistula. Full-term infants presenting with severe hea failure during the remainder of the first week have critical obstruction to systemic aerial flow. Examples are aoic atresia, coarctation of the aoa, interruption of the aoic arch, and critical aoic stenosis. During the second week of life, aoic atresia and coarctation remain the most common causes of hea failure. VSD is the most frequent cause of congestive failure, followed by transposition, coarctation, complete AV canal, and PDA. Ref: Brown D.W., Fulton D.R. (2011). Chapter 83. Congenital Hea Disease in Children and Adolescents. In V. Fuster, R.A. Walsh, R.A. Harrington (Eds), Hurst's The Hea, 13e.