Association can be measured by all of the following, EXCEPT:

Cronbach's alpha is the most commonly used measure of internal consistency. Correlation indicates the degree of association between two characteristics. The correlation coefficient ranges from -1.0 to +1.0. P value tells whether an association is due to chance or not. The smaller the P value, the greater the statistical significance or probability that the association is not due to chance alone. Odds ratio is the measure of the strength of the association between risk factor and outcome. Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 19th edition, Page 82.