Edema may be caused by any of the following, EXCEPT:

Oedema is caused by mechanisms that interfere with normal fluid balance of plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph flow. The following mechanisms may be operating singly or in combination to produce oedema: Decreased plasma oncotic pressure. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. Lymphatic obstruction. Tissue factors (increased oncotic pressure of interstitial fluid, and decreased tissue tension). Increased capillary permeability. Sodium and water retention. Mohan H. Textbook of pathology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2015. Edition 7. Page 80