All of the followings are indication for internal jugular venous catheterization except

Internal jugular venous catheterization is preferred over subclan route in following scenarios Patient with severe bleeding diathesis Severe emphysematous patient To place transvenous cardiac pacing Other reasons to prefer right internal jugular venous route are Consistent and predictable anatomical location Readily identifiable and palpable surface landmarks Sho straight course to superior vena cava Easily accessible during most surgical procedures subclan vein is the site with least infection and best patient tolerance. the demerit is tourous course and high risk for pneumothorax Right internal jugular vein is the most preferred for central venous cannulation Reasons for this preference are: Absence of valves. Consistent anatomic location of the internal jugular vein. Easily identifiable surface landmarks. Direct communication with the right atrium. Other sites: Subclan vein - greater risk of pneumothorax. Left internal jugular vein - greater risk of pleural effusion & chylothorax. Femoral vein - increased risk of thromboembolic complications, infection and vascular injury.