Retinoblastoma is seen in -

Ans. is 'a1 i.e., Children RETINOBLASTOMAo Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular tumor in children. The tumor is confined to infancy and very young children (1-2 years). There is no sex predisposition. Retinoblastoma is unilateral in 70-75% of cases and bilateral in 25-30% of cases.Etiologyo Retinoblastoma gene (RB gene) is located on 14 band on the long arm of chromosome 12 (13ql4). RB gene is a tumor supressor gene. Retinoblastoma develops when both the normal alleles of the RB genes are inactived or alteredAi is typical example of Knudson's two hit hypothesis. In Hereditary retinoblastoma first genetic change (first hit) in RB gene is inherited from an affected parent, where as second mutation (second hit) occurs in postnatal life and both alleles are lost. In non- hereditary retinoblastoma, both mutations (first and second hits) occur postnataly.Pathologyo The tumor arises from smalt round cells with large nuclei, i.e., it is a tumor of a group called small round blue cell tumors. Microscopic features of a well differentiated tumor include Flexner- wintersteiner rosettes (specific for retinoblastoma), Homer- wright rosettes, pseudorosettes and fleurettes formation. There are areas of necrosis and calcification.Clinical featureso Retinoblastoma can present with following featuresLeukocoria or amauratic cat's eye reflex this is the most common manifestation. The leukocoria or the white glow' in the pupil is caused by reflection of light from the white intraocular tumor.Strabismus - second most common manifestationSecondary' glaucomaRedeyeExcessive tearsBuphthalmos & proptosisCorneal clouding due to elevated intraocular pressureDiscoloration of iris (due to neovascularization of iris)Orbital cellulitisPainful red eye usually associated with pseudohypopyon and or hyphaemia (picture simulating iridocyclitis),o Spread of retinoblastoma to distant structures occursDirect extension by continuity to the optic nerve and brain is common. Therefore, after enucleation optic nerve is always examined to see invasion of optic nerve, which helps to decide about postoperative chemoradiation.Lymphatic spread to preauricular lymph nodesMetastasis by blood stream to cranial and other bones.