Which of the following is not an etiological vector for head and neck malignancies?

Ans. (d) Vitamin A deficiency style="font-size: 1.04761904761905em; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif">Ref: * Major etiological factor: HPV-16 and Tobacco exposure.* 75% of head and neck cancers are caused by tobacco and alcohol use.* HPV type 16: risk factor for oropharyngeal cancers that involve the tonsils or the base of the tongue.* Paan (betel quid): most common risk factors among south Asian.* EBV is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal and salivary glands cancer.* Preserved or salted foods: Salted foods during childhood are a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer.* Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).