Which of the following substrates can't contribute to net gluconeogenesis in mammalian liver?

Palmitate can't contribute to net gluconeogenesis in mammalian liver Palmitate Fatty acid with 16 carbon atoms Not a substrate of gluconeogenesis. Even chain fatty acids yield Acetyl CoA upon oxidation. Odd chain fatty acid acts as a substrates of gluconeogenesis Propionyl CoA- the product of their oxidation can enter TCA cycle through formation of succinyl CoA Alanine, pyruvate and glutamate are glucogenic.