All of the following are absoulate indications for intubation except -

Ans. is 'd' i.e., Maxillofacial fractures o Basic indications for emergency endotracheal intubation1. Airway blockage# Life-threatening airway obstruction may occur when a foreign bodybecomes lodged in the airway; this is especially common in infants and toddlers.# Severe blunt or penetrating injury to the face or neck may be accompanied by swellingand an expanding hematoma, or injury to the larynx, trachea or bronchi. Airway obstruction is also common in people who have suffered smoke inhalation or bums within or near the airway or epiglottitis.2. Hypoxemia# Intubation may be necessary for a patient with decreased oxygen content and oxygen saturation of the blood caused when their breathing is inadequate (hypoventilation), suspended (apnea), or when the lungs are unable to sufficiently transfer gasses to the blood. Such patients, who may be awake and alert, are typically critically ill with a multisystem disease or multiple severe injuries. Examples of such conditions include cervical spine injury, multiple rib fractures, severepneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or near-drowning3. Depressed level of consciousness# Perhaps the most common indication for tracheal intubation is for the placement of a conduit through which nitrous oxide or volatile anesthetics may be administered. General anesthetic agents, opioids, and neuromuscular- blocking drugs may diminish or even abolish the respiratory drive. Although it is not the only means to maintain a patent airway during general anesthesia, intubation of the trachea provides the most reliable means of oxygenation and ventilation and the greatest degree of protection against regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration.# Damage to the brain (such as from a massive stroke, non-penetrating head injury, intoxication orpoisoning) may result in a depressed level of consciousness. When this becomes severe to the point of stupor or coma (defined as a score on the Glasgow Coma Scale of less than 8.