The response which is graded by an observer on an agree or disagree continuum is based on

Likert Scale: Refer to Theory. Visual analog scale (VAS): – VAS is a measurement instrument that tries to measure a characteristic that range across a continuum of values and cannot easily be directly measured (For example, the amount of pain that a patient feels ranges across a continuum from none to an extreme amount of pain. From the patient’s perspective this spectrum appears continuous as their pain does not take discrete jumps, as a categorization of none, mild, moderate and severe would suggest) – Operationally a VAS is usually a horizontal line, 100 mm (10 cms) in length, anchored by word descriptors at each end: patient marks on the line the point that they feel represents their perception of their current state – VAS score: is determined by measuring in millimetres from the left hand end of the line to the point that the patient marks – Continuous (or ‘analogue’) aspect of the scale differentiates it from discrete scales such Likert scale – Is quite used in Anaesthesia. Guttman Scale: – Is also known as ‘Cumulative scale’ – Contains a ‘series of statements that expresses increasing intensity’ of a characteristic AND respondent is asked to agree or disagree to with each statement (For example: Asbestos can cause lung cancer – Asbestos is an important cause of lung cancer – Asbestos is a very important cause of lung cancer and death – Asbestos is the most important cause of lung cancer an death in India) – Perfect Guttman scale: consists of a uni-dimensional set of items that are ranked in order of difficulty from least extreme to most extreme position Adjectival scale: – Is a linguistic scale is a set of words, of the same grammatical category, which can be ordered by their semantic strength or degree of information (For example, lukewarm, warm, and hot fall along a single adjectival scale since they indicate a variation in the intensity of temperature of the modified noun).