Which of the following act as a means of transmission of HIV infection in newborn –

Maternal-fetal / infant transmission                                                           The probability of transmission of HIV from mother to infant/fetus ranges from 15 to 25% in industrialized countries and from 25 to 35% in developing countries. HIV can be transmitted from mother to fetus/infant in the following ways : a) In utero (During pregnancy) b) During delivery (Perinatal) → Most common c) After birth by breastfeeding → Least common. Firstborn twin is more commonly infected than the second twin. Cesarean section results in decreased transmission to the infant. Vit. A deficiency increases the risk of transmission. The major risk factor of transmission is the presence of a high maternal level of plasma viremia.