Characteristic pathological finding in carcinoid of hea

The characteristic cardiac pathological findings of carcinoid hea disease are endocardial thickening as a result of fibrous deposits on the endocardium. Echocardiographic examination and right hea catheterization are very useful for the diagnosis of the lesion. If more cardiac valves are affected, multiple valve replacement should be considered. The management of the pulmonary valve lesion depends on the extent of the diseased valve, either by valvulotomy, valvectomy, or valve replacement. Percutaneous valve implantations in the pulmonary and in the inferior vena cava positions have been advocated for high-risk patients. ref - pubmed.cm <a href="