Indications of percutaneous nephrostomy

Nephrostomy is the term used to describe a passageway maintained by tube , stent or catheter that perforates the skin , passes to abdominal wall and renal paranchyma and terminates in renal pelvis or calyx . Access to kidney inferior calyx. Exception -Horseshoe kidney superior pole. Indications :- 1) when upper urinary tract drainage is desired and retrograde ureteral stent placement is not feasible 2) instillation of chemotherapeutic agents for malignancy ( mitomycin c and BCG ) and dissolution of stones COMPLICATIONS:- Heamtoma, Hematuria,Colonic perforation. ref :- Campbell - walsh urology 11th ed , chapter no 6 , pg no 133. , Medscape " NEPHROSTOMY" aicle