Causes of polyhydraminos include:a) Diabetes mellitusb) Preeclampsiac) Esophageal atresiad) Renal agenesise) Anencephaly

Friends, for a second - let’s forget the lists of conditions leading to Oligohydramnios/Polyhydramnios (This happens quite often in exams). Let’s reason out each option one by one. Option “a” Diabetes mellitus We all know polyhydramnios is a complication of maternal diabetes. Pathophysiology: Maternal hyperglycemia ↓ Fetal hyperglycemia ↓ Polyuria (of fetus) and osmotic diuresis ↓ Polyhydramnios (Option “a” is correct) Option “b” Preeclampsia Preeclampsia ↓ Decreased uteroplacental circulation ↓ Decreased fetal renal blood flow ↓ Decrease urine production by fetus ↓ Oligohydramnios Option “c” Esophageal atresia We all know - Amniotic fluid is kept in balance with the rate of production, by fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid. In case of oesophageal atresia ↓ Decrease fetal swallowing ↓ i.e., Decrease absorption ↓ Polyhydramnios (option “c” is correct) Same is the case with congenital diaphragmatic hernia/Facial clefts/Neck masses. Option “d” Renal agenesis Renal agenesis ↓ Decrease urine production ↓ Oligohydramnios (Option “d” is incorrect) Same holds good for posterior urethral value in males. Option “e” Anencephaly In anencephaly (or meningomyelocele or spina bifida) ↓ Meninges are exposed ↓ Increase transudation of fluid from exposed meninges ↓ Polyhydramnios (Option “e” is correct) So friends, it is not essential to mug up most of the causes of oligo/polyhydramnios. Some causes which need to mugged up are: