The risk factors of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are the following except

Ans. is c, i.e. Women with monogamous partner who had vasectomyRef: Dutta Gynae 6th/ed, pl28KEY POINTSWomen with monogamous partner who had vasectomy is a protective factor for PID and not risk factorRisk factors of PIDProtective factors of PID* Menstruating teenagers.* Multiple sexual partners.* Absence of contraceptive pill use.* Previous history of acute PID.* IUD users.* Area with high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseasesContraceptive practice* Barrier methods, specially condom, diaphragm with spermicides* Oral steroidal contraceptives have got two preventive aspects.- Produce thick mucus plug preventing ascent of sperm and bacterial penetration- Decrease in duration of menstruation, creates a shorter interval of bacterial colonization of the upper tract.* Monogamy or having a partner who had vasectomy.Others* Pregnancy* Menopause* Vaccines: Hepatitis B, HPV