Which of the following is true for shock: September 2005

Ans. D: All of the above Shock is a systemic state of low tissue perfusion, which is inadequate for normal cellular respiration. Following effects secondary to shock are seen: Cells are deprived of oxygen and hence switches over from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Hypoxia and acidosis activate complement and prime neutrophils leading to injury of the capillary endothelial cells. The hallmark clinical indicators of shock have generally been the presence of abnormal vital signs, such as hypotension, tachycardia, decreased urine output, and altered mental status. These findings represent secondary effects of circulatory failure, not the primary etiologic event. Because of compensatory mechanisms, the effects of age, and use of ceain medications, some patients in shock will present with a normal blood pressure and pulse.