Long bone fracture fixation done with -a) Intramedullary nailb) Compression platec) External fixationd) Screwe) Tension band wiring

There are so many options in fracture management and it is useless to explain them here. I am giving only brief description. Management of fracture The principles in fracture management are : - 1)Reduction In displaced fractures, fracture site is reduced to proper alignment first. Reduction may be : - A) Closed : - Without opening the fracture site. This can be done by : - Closed manipulation of fracture site. Continuous traction to counteract the forces which prevent reduction. B) Open : - Fracture site is opened and then the fracture is reduced. 2) Immobilization of fractured bone After reduction, immobilization is necessary to maintain the bones in reduced position. This may be dony by : - Plaster of paris (cast or slab) Using implant : -  i) For long Bones Intramedullary nailing eg K nail, interlocking nail, Rush nail, reconstruction nail etc. Plating eg. DCP External fixator Dynamic hip screw (DHS) & Dynamic condylar screw CDCS Plaster cast ii) For short bones Screws K-wire Tension band wiring Here I would like to explain one fact, which may otherwise cause confusion : - Closed reduction does not mean that treatment is always non-operative (conservative). Closed reduction may be : - Conservative : - When reduction is done without opening of fracture site and the fracture site is immobilized without fixing by implant but by plaster or splints. Surgical : - When reduction is done without opening of fracture site and the fracture site is fixed by implants, e.g., by percutaneous K-wire or screw. Open reduction is always surgical; no confusion about that.